Head and neck cancer overview
Head and neck cancer actually includes many different malignancies. The way a particular head and neck cancer behaves depends on the site in which it arises (the primary site). For example, cancers that begin on the vocal cords behave very differently than do those that arise in the back of tongue, just an inch or less from the vocal cords.
The most common type of cancer in the head and neck is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises in the cells that line the inside of the nose, mouth and throat. Other less common types of head and neck cancers include salivary gland tumors, lymphomas and sarcomas.
Cancers spread in three main ways. – The first is direct extension from the primary site to adjacent areas. – The second is spread through the lymphatic channels to lymph nodes. – The third is spread through the blood vessels to distant sites in the body.
In head and neck cancer, a spread to the lymph nodes in the neck is relatively common.
The lymph nodes most commonly involved are located along major blood vessels underneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle on each side of the neck, particularly the internal jugular vein node at the angle of the jaw. The risk of spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream is closely related to whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, how many nodes are involved, and their location in the neck. The risk is higher if cancer is in lymph nodes in the lower part of the neck rather than only in those located in the upper neck.
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[BREAST CANCER] Alternative Names
Cancer – breast; Carcinoma – ductal; Carcinoma – lobular
Definition of Breast cancer :
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast.

There are two main types of breast cancer: Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple. Most breast cancers are of this type. Lobular carcinoma starts in parts of the breast, called lobules, that produce milk. In rare cases, breast cancer can start in other areas of the breast. Many breast cancers are sensitive to the hormone estrogen. This means that estrogen causes the breast cancer tumor to grow. Such cancer is called estrogen receptor positive cancer or ER positive cancer.
Some women have what’s called HER2-positive breast cancer. HER2 refers to a gene that helps cells grow, divide, and repair themselves. When cells have too many copies of this gene, cells — including cancer cells — grow faster.
Experts think that women with HER2-positive breast cancer have a more aggressive disease and a higher risk of recurrence than those who do not have this type.
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In recent years, scuba diving has become one of the favorite sports across the continents of the world. In the Galapagos Islands, this sport has become the major attraction for the tourists. The Islands in Galapagos have emerged out of volcanic eruption, which provided the suitable environment for the growth and development for various under water species. So, wear your scuba suit and dive into the depth of the sea to admire the incredible aquatic life under the Galapagos Islands.
The marine life in these Islands have complex ecosystem which provide home to various aquatic wildlife. As per the locals here, it is the habitat for more than 32 species of sharks. The few most known sharks species found here are White tip reef sharks, Whale sharks, Bull sharks, Hammerhead sharks etc.
So incase you want to experience the close-ups of the sharks, there are facilities available in the marine of the Islands that can encourage you to swim with the sharks. Thus, these Islands are an ultimate place to enjoy scuba diving for thousands of tourists. Here you could dive with sharks, Almaco jacks, Bacalo, leather bass, Giant mantas, turtles, dolphins, tuna, and sea lions acquiring a dangerous and adventurous experience to be remembered for life time.
For the vacationers, the Galapagos Islands are the favorite destination to discover the exotic wild life under water as well as on land. As it is near to the earth’s equator, it is facilitated with the cold Humboldt currents flowing towards the north from Antarctica which meets the warm topical waters of the Panama current, thus it helps in creating a suitable habitat for various migrated marine life. And secondly, due to the volcanic origin, the sea in the Galapagos Islands is rich with nutrients and various useful chemicals which also add in providing suitable environment for the growth for various aquatic lives.
Previously the word scuba meant the diving apparatus to breathe under water, but today, this word is designated to diving only. To get the best scuba diving experience, consult from the tourist advisors who can spot you to the best place in sea for the dive. Every spot of diving is well equipped with the trained life guards; therefore, even if you are an untrained diver you could dive quite deep into the sea to greet the aquatic life. For those who want some training, there are diving training schools available that are training and certifying people for various diving competitions in the Galapagos Islands.
To learn more, please visit Galapagos Islands and get the details about Scuba Diving Galapagos.